Essay/Term paper: Interests of women.

Essay, term paper, research paper:  Sociology Essays

This paper will show that many of her most popular beliefs
are not only detrimental to society, but also not in the best interests of women.
In letters from a war zone, Andrea Dworkin presents a collection of
speeches and short articles she has composed during her career as a writer and
activist. Many of her articles deal with censorship and pornography. One claim
is central to all of these, pornography is an act and not an idea, thus
censorship is not relevant to it.
In response to a New York Time Review of her 1981 book, Pornography: Men
Possessing Women, Dworkin writes, "Pornography says the women want to be hurt,
forced, and abused; pornography says women want to be raped, battered, kidnapped,
maimed; pornography says women want to be humiliated, shamed, defamed,
pornography says that women say no but mean yes - Yes to violence, yes to pain."
(Dworkin p 203)
In response to Dworkin's fiery rhetoric, Wendy Mcelroy writes that
Dworkin has scientific backing and even cites evidence to the contrary. "In
Japan, where pornography depicting violence is widely available, rape is much
lower per capita than in the United States, where violence in porn is
restricted." Mcelroy attacks the belief that pornography cause violence,
stating that even if a correlation is present, is does not necessarily mean
there is a causal relationship. (McElroy 102)
Lynne Segal sees in inherent harm in trying to link the two together.
She believes that feminists who try to do so are wasting valuable time that
could be spent on other important issues. "In the end, anti-pornography
campaigns, feminist or not, can only enlist today, as they have invariously
enlisted before, guilt and anxiety around sex, as well as lifetimes of confusion
in our personal experiences of sexual arousal and activity." "In contrast,
campaigns which get to the heart of men's violence and sadism towards women must
enlist the widest possible resources to empower socially." (Gibson 19)
Another argument of Dworkin's is that pornography should not be
protected as free speech under the first amendment. It is her contention that
protecting what pornographers say, is protecting what pornography does.
Pornography is more than words. They are acts against women. "Pornography
happens to women." As a result, bans on such material are warranted, not only
because it is harmfully and discriminatory to women, but also because there are
no civil liberties that are violated in preventing an act. (Dworkin 185)
Since it is uncertain whether there is even a correlation between
violence against women and pornography, any attempt to ban it must be viewed as
censorship. What ever it is referred to, it still has the same effect.
In many of Dworkin's writings, she laments the silencing of women. She
is partially responsible for this silencing. In 1992, The Canadian Supreme
Court ruled in favor of a legal restriction on pornography based on the
psychological damage it does women. "Ironically, this obscenity law has been
used almost exclusively against gay, lesbian, and feminist material." (McElroy
87)
The effect of censorship is absolutely detrimental the weaker voice, as
is the case with the Butler decision. Dworkin herself fell victim, when her
book, Pornography, was seized by Canadian customs officials. Censorship in
contradictory to feminist goals, because freedom of speech is the most powerful
weapon in the feminist arsenal. Medical journals used by medical students, and
the testimony of women victimized by sexual abuse are prime targets of
censorship. (Strossen 77)
An episode involving Dworkin and her cohort in censorship, Catherine
MacKinnon, demonstrates the dangers of censorship. At a symposium at A Michigan
law school, at which Dworkin and MacKinnon were speaking, a group of feminists
had prepared a series of documentaries of the topic of the conference,
prostitution. Dworkin refused to speak at the symposium if adversarial speakers
were there, so the documentaries were the only voice of opposition to them.
When work got out that the documentaries could possibly pornographic, Dworkin
and MacKinnon insisted on their removal. When the presenter refused, they
coerced the students with threats of leaving, to force the removed of the
documentary exhibit. What had started out as an academic symposium quickly
turned into a forum for the exclusive advocacy of Dworkin ideals. Her action
epitomized the danger of censorship to society and other feminists, she silenced
the weaker voice. (Strossen 211-214)
Dworkin's opinions on pornography are summed up nicely by Wendy McElroy;
Pornography is morally wrong; Pornography leads directly to violence against
women; Pornography, in and of itself, is violence against women. Five
individual allegation are made based of the third point; Women are physically
coerced into pornography; Women in porn who have not been coerced have been so
traumatized by patriarchy that the cannot give real consent; Capitalism is a
system of "economic coercion' that forces women into pornography in order to
make a living; Pornography is violence against women who consume it, and
thereby re-enforcing their own oppression; Pornography is violence against
women, as a class, who must live in fear because of the atmosphere of terror it
creates. (Mcelroy 91)
The first three allegations deal with coercion. The first claim is
based on a few isolated cases and should not be used to characterize the entire
industry. The second allegation is not only arrogant, but degrades women
because it undermines a woman's ability to choose. "If women's choices are
being trashed, why should radical feminists (i.e. Dworkin) fare better than
other women?" This sends a dangerous message that woman lack full capacity to
make choices. The third allegation fails in a similar manor as the second.
Dworkin draws no line between consent and coercion, and thus she rejects a
woman's right to contract. (McElroy 92-95)
The fourth and fifth claim of Dworkin's are also in contradiction with
women's best interests. The fourth claim completely ignores the possibility
that women might actually enjoy pornography without falling victim to it.
Allowing women access to a means of sexual expression with actual sex grants
them increased sexual freedom. The final allegation is based on the notion that,
"Women are not individuals, but members of a class with collective interests."
In making this claim, Dworkin must destroy the notion of individuality, and
condition unsuitable for not only women, but all humanity. (McElroy 96)
Another criticism of Dworkin, is that many of her arguments contain
logical inconsistencies or outright contradictions. For one thing, Dworkin
wants to validate the experience of women who have be silenced by patriarchy yet
refuses to accept the voices of women who participate in pornography. Dworkin
also believes that pornography is the bastion of patriarchy, yet conservatives,
tradition champion of patriarchy, also crusade against pornography. (McElroy
98)
In one of writings of cesarean sections, Dworkin make staunch, graphic,
remarks about the topic. It is laced with information about conspiracies and
loaded with vulgarity. Such extreme language may work against the interests of
women, because even though a problem might exist, it might be written of by
readers due to Dworkin's "hyperbolic harangue.' (Strossen 196)
In general, Dworkin's writings while claiming to be feminist, are often
in direct conflict with mainstream feminist agenda. Many of her views portray
women as helpless victim incapable of rational thinking. In her support of
censorship, she is also met be harsh resistance from prominent women's groups
such as N.O.W.. Many of her view are seen as harmful to the cause of women's
equality, and in this regard are more dangerous then anti-women's factions,
because it is written under the banner of feminism. (Gibson 118)
Andrea Dworkin's influence has created an environment where free speech
and equality are compromised. Though she claims it to be in the best interest
of society, this just is not true. Most feminists reject her ideas as
counterproductive to their goals. Her writing are not only detrimental to women,
however, everyone is affected. By advocating censorship, she undermines every
principle that this country was founded on and every ideal that keeps it unified
and free from oppression. Ironically, Dworkin seeks freedom from oppression for
women, but in doing so advocates universal oppression for all people, women and
men.

Works Cited

1. Dworkin, Andrea Letters from a War Zone. Lawrence Hill 1993.

2. McElroy, Wendy A Woman's Right To Pornography St. Martin Press 1995

3. Gibson, Pamela Church and Gibson, Roma Dirty Looks British Film Institute 1993

4. Strossen, Nadine Defending Pornography Doubleday 1995